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Theorem
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Fermat’s Last Theorem
Introducing the Collins Modern Classics, a series featuring some of the most significant books of recent times, books that shed light on the human experience – classics which will endure for generations to come. ‘Maths is one of the purest forms of thought, and to outsiders mathematicians may seem almost otherworldly’ In 1963, schoolboy Andrew Wiles stumbled across the world’s greatest mathematical problem: Fermat’s Last Theorem.Unsolved for over 300 years, he dreamed of cracking it. Combining thrilling storytelling with a fascinating history of scientific discovery, Simon Singh uncovers how an Englishman, after years of secret toil, finally solved mathematics’ most challenging problem. Fermat’s Last Theorem is remarkable story of human endeavour, obsession and intellectual brilliance, sealing its reputation as a classic of popular science writing. ‘To read it is to realise that there is a world of beauty and intellectual challenge that is denied to 99.9 per cent of us who are not high-level mathematicians’ The Times
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Fermat’s Last Theorem
‘I have a truly marvellous demonstration of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to contain.’ It was with these words, written in the 1630s, that Pierre de Fermat intrigued and infuriated the mathematics community.For over 350 years, proving Fermat’s Last Theorem was the most notorious unsolved mathematical problem, a puzzle whose basics most children could grasp but whose solution eluded the greatest minds in the world.In 1993, after years of secret toil, Englishman Andrew Wiles announced to an astounded audience that he had cracked Fermat’s Last Theorem.He had no idea of the nightmare that lay ahead. In ‘Fermat’s Last Theorem’ Simon Singh has crafted a remarkable tale of intellectual endeavour spanning three centuries, and a moving testament to the obsession, sacrifice and extraordinary determination of Andrew Wiles: one man against all the odds.
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Birth of a Theorem : A Mathematical Adventure
“This man could plainly do for mathematics what Brian Cox has done for physics” — Sunday TimesHow does a genius see the world?Where and how does inspiration strike?Cédric Villani takes us on a mesmerising adventure as he wrestles with the Boltzmann equation – a new theorem that will eventually win him the most coveted prize in mathematics and a place in the mathematical history books.Along the way he encounters obstacles and setbacks, losses of faith and even brushes with madness. His story is one of courage and partnership, doubt and anxiety, elation and despair.Of ordinary family life blurring with the abstract world of mathematical physics, of theories and equations that haunt your dreams and seeking the elusive inspiration found only in a locked, darkened room. Blending science with history, biography with myth, Villani conjures up an inimitable cast: the omnipresent Einstein, mad genius Kurt Godel, and Villani’s personal hero, John Nash. Step inside the magical world of Cédric Villani…
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Why do my steamed dumplings collapse?
Steamed dumplings may collapse due to a few reasons. One common reason is that the dough may be too thin or not properly sealed, causing the dumplings to lose their shape during the steaming process. Another reason could be that the filling is too moist, causing the dumplings to become too heavy and collapse. Additionally, overcooking the dumplings can also cause them to collapse, as the dough becomes too soft and loses its structure. It's important to ensure that the dough is properly sealed and the filling is not too moist, and to avoid overcooking the dumplings to prevent them from collapsing.
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What is the Pythagorean theorem and the cathetus theorem?
The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. In mathematical terms, it can be written as a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where c is the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b are the lengths of the other two sides, called catheti. The cathetus theorem, also known as the converse of the Pythagorean theorem, states that if the square of the length of the longest side of a triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides, then the triangle is a right-angled triangle. In other words, if a^2 + b^2 = c^2, then the triangle is a right-angled triangle, where c is the longest side (hypotenuse) and a and b are
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What is the Pythagorean theorem and the altitude theorem?
The Pythagorean theorem states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the side opposite the right angle) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides. This can be expressed as a^2 + b^2 = c^2, where c is the length of the hypotenuse, and a and b are the lengths of the other two sides. The altitude theorem, also known as the geometric mean theorem, states that in a right-angled triangle, the altitude (the perpendicular line from the right angle to the hypotenuse) is the geometric mean between the two segments of the hypotenuse. This can be expressed as h^2 = p * q, where h is the length of the altitude, and p and q are the lengths of the two segments of the hypotenuse.
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What is the big-O-small-o notation in relation to the remainder term in Taylor's theorem?
In Taylor's theorem, the big-O notation is used to represent the remainder term in the approximation of a function by its Taylor series. The big-O notation, denoted as O(x^n), signifies that the remainder term is bounded by a function that grows no faster than x^n as x approaches the center of the expansion. On the other hand, the small-o notation, denoted as o(x^n), indicates that the remainder term is bounded by a function that grows slower than x^n as x approaches the center of the expansion. These notations help quantify the accuracy of the Taylor series approximation.
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Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem
"In the judgment of the most competent living mathematicians, Fraulein Noether was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced since the higher education of women began."-Albert Einstein The year was 1915, and the young mathematician Emmy Noether had just settled into Gottingen University when Albert Einstein visited to lecture on his nearly finished general theory of relativity.Two leading mathematicians of the day, David Hilbert and Felix Klein, dug into the new theory with gusto, but had difficulty reconciling it with what was known about the conservation of energy.Knowing of her expertise in invariance theory, they requested Noether's help.To solve the problem, she developed a novel theorem, applicable across all of physics, which relates conservation laws to continuous symmetries-one of the most important pieces of mathematical reasoning ever developed. Noether's "first" and "second" theorem was published in 1918.The first theorem relates symmetries under global spacetime transformations to the conservation of energy and momentum, and symmetry under global gauge transformations to charge conservation. In continuum mechanics and field theories, these conservation laws are expressed as equations of continuity.The second theorem, an extension of the first, allows transformations with local gauge invariance, and the equations of continuity acquire the covariant derivative characteristic of coupled matter-field systems.General relativity, it turns out, exhibits local gauge invariance.Noether's theorem also laid the foundation for later generations to apply local gauge invariance to theories of elementary particle interactions.In Dwight E. Neuenschwander's new edition of Emmy Noether's Wonderful Theorem, readers will encounter an updated explanation of Noether's "first" theorem.The discussion of local gauge invariance has been expanded into a detailed presentation of the motivation, proof, and applications of the "second" theorem, including Noether's resolution of concerns about general relativity.Other refinements in the new edition include an enlarged biography of Emmy Noether's life and work, parallels drawn between the present approach and Noether's original 1918 paper, and a summary of the logic behind Noether's theorem.
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Pythagorean Theorem for Babies
Set the children in your life on a lifelong path to learning with the next installment of the Baby University board book series.Full of scientific information, this is the perfect book to teach complex concepts in a simple, engaging way.Pythagorean Theorem for Babies is a colorfully simple introduction for youngsters (and grownups!) to what the Pythagorean Theorem is and how we can go about proving it.It's never too early to become a scientist!
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Lectures on the h-Cobordism Theorem
Important lectures on differential topology by acclaimed mathematician John MilnorThese are notes from lectures that John Milnor delivered as a seminar on differential topology in 1963 at Princeton University.These lectures give a new proof of the h-cobordism theorem that is different from the original proof presented by Stephen Smale.Milnor's goal was to provide a fully rigorous proof in terms of Morse functions.This book remains an important resource in the application of Morse theory.
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Lectures on the h-Cobordism Theorem
Important lectures on differential topology by acclaimed mathematician John MilnorThese are notes from lectures that John Milnor delivered as a seminar on differential topology in 1963 at Princeton University.These lectures give a new proof of the h-cobordism theorem that is different from the original proof presented by Stephen Smale.Milnor's goal was to provide a fully rigorous proof in terms of Morse functions.This book remains an important resource in the application of Morse theory.
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Is there a congruence theorem?
Yes, there is a congruence theorem in geometry. The congruence theorem states that if two geometric figures have the same shape and size, then they are congruent. In other words, if all corresponding sides and angles of two triangles are equal, then the triangles are congruent. This theorem is important in proving the equality of geometric figures and in solving various geometric problems.
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How can the altitude theorem and the cathetus theorem be transformed?
The altitude theorem and the cathetus theorem can be transformed by applying them in different geometric shapes and contexts. For example, the altitude theorem, which states that the length of the altitude of a triangle is inversely proportional to the length of the corresponding base, can be applied to various types of triangles and even extended to other polygons. Similarly, the cathetus theorem, which relates the lengths of the two perpendicular sides of a right triangle to the length of the hypotenuse, can be generalized to other right-angled shapes or even applied in three-dimensional geometry. By exploring different scenarios and shapes, these theorems can be adapted and transformed to solve a wide range of geometric problems.
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What are the altitude theorem and the cathetus theorem of Euclid?
The altitude theorem of Euclid states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of the altitude drawn to the hypotenuse is equal to the product of the lengths of the two segments of the hypotenuse. This theorem is also known as the geometric mean theorem. The cathetus theorem of Euclid states that in a right-angled triangle, the square of the length of one of the catheti (the sides that form the right angle) is equal to the product of the lengths of the hypotenuse and the segment of the hypotenuse adjacent to that cathetus. This theorem is also known as the Pythagorean theorem. Both the altitude theorem and the cathetus theorem are fundamental principles in the study of geometry and are essential for understanding the properties of right-angled triangles.
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What is Thales' theorem?
Thales' theorem states that if A, B, and C are points on a circle where the line AC is a diameter, then the angle at B is a right angle. In other words, if a triangle is inscribed in a circle with one of its sides being the diameter of the circle, then that triangle is a right triangle. Thales' theorem is a fundamental result in geometry and is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Thales of Miletus.
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